Литература

1. Selzer A. Changing aspects of the natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 317: 91–8.
2. Dare A.J., Veinot J.P., Edwards W.D., Tazelaar H.D., Schaff H.V. New observations on the etiology of aortic valve disease: a surgical pathologic study of 236 cases from 1990. Hum. Pathol. 1993; 24: 1330–8.
3. Stephan P.J., Henry A.C. III, Hebeler R.F. Jr., Whiddon L., Roberts W.C. Comparison of age, gender, number of aortic valve cusps, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, and magnitude of left ventricular-systemic arterial peak systolic gradient in adults having aortic valve replacement for isolated aortic valve stenosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997; 79: 166–72.
4. Roberts W.C., Ko J.M. Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2005; 111: 920–5.
5. Olsson M., Dalsgaard C.J., Haegerstrand A., Rosenqvist M., Ryden L., Nilsson J. Accumulation of T lymphocytes and expression of interleukin- 2 receptors in nonrheumatic stenotic aortic valves. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1994; 23: 1162–70.
6. Otto C.M., Kuusisto J., Reichenbach D.D., Gown A.M, O'Brien K.D. Characterization of the early lesion of “degenerative” valvular aortic stenosis: histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation. 1994; 90: 844–53.
7. O'Brien K.D., Reichenbach D.D., Marcovina S.M., Kuusisto J., Alpers C.E., Otto C.M. Apolipoproteins B, (a), and E accumulate in the morphologically early lesion of “degenerative” valvular aortic stenosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16: 523–32.
8. Mohler E.R. III, Chawla M.K., Chang A.W. et al. Identification and characterization of calcifying valve cells from human and canine aortic valves. J. Heart Valve Dis. 1999; 8: 254–60.
9. Olsson M., Thyberg J., Nilsson J. Presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in nonrheumatic stenotic aortic valves. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1999; 19: 1218–22.
10. Dunning J., Versteegh M., Fabbri A., Pavie A., Kolh P., Lockowandt U., Nashef S.A. EACTS Audit and Guidelines Committee. Guideline on antiplatelet and anticoagulation management in cardiac surgery. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2008; 34: 73–92.
11. Mohler E.R. III, Gannon F., Reynolds C., Zimmerman R., Keane M.G., Kaplan F.S. Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation. 2001; 103: 1522–8.
12. Rajamannan N.M., Sangiorgi G., Springett M. et al. Experimental hypercholesterolemia induces apoptosis in the aortic valve. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2001; 10: 371–4.
13. O'Brien K.D., Shavelle D.M., Caulfield M.T. et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme with low-density lipoprotein in aortic valvular lesions and in human plasma. Circulation. 2002; 106: 2224–30.
14. Wallby L., Janerot-Sjoberg B., Steffensen T., Broqvist M. T lymphocyte infiltration in non-rheumatic aortic stenosis: a comparative descriptive study between tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valves. Heart. 2002; 88: 348–51.
15. Rajamannan N.M., Subramaniam M., Rickard D. et al. Human aortic valve calcification is associated with an osteoblast phenotype. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2181–4.
16. Sasayama S., Ross J. Jr., Franklin D., Bloor C.M., Bishop S., Dilley R.B. Adaptations of the left ventricle to chronic pressure overload. Circ. Res. 1976; 38: 172–8.
17. Gaasch W.H. Left ventricular radius to wall thickness ratio. Am. J. Cardiol. 1979; 43: 1189–94.
18. Spann J.F., Bove A.A., Natarajan G., Kreulen T. Ventricular performance, pump function and compensatory mechanisms in patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1980; 62: 576–82.
19. Krayenbuehl H.P., Hess O.M., Ritter M., Monrad E.S., Hoppeler H. Left ventricular systolic function in aortic stenosis. Eur. Heart J. 1988; 9 Suppl. E: 19–23.
20. Ross J. Jr. Afterload mismatch and preload reserve: a conceptual framework for the analysis of ventricular function. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 1976; 18: 255–64.
21. Gunther S., Grossman W. Determinants of ventricular function in pressure-overload hypertrophy in man. Circulation. 1979; 59: 679–88.
22. Huber D., Grimm J., Koch R., Krayenbuehl H.P. Determinants of ejection performance in aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1981; 64: 126–34.
23. Carabello B.A., Green L.H., Grossman W., Cohn L.H., Koster J.K., Collins J.J. Jr. Hemodynamic determinants of prognosis of aortic valve replacement in critical aortic stenosis and advanced congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1980; 62: 42–8.
24. Gaasch W.H., Levine H.J., Quinones M.A., Alexander J.K. Left ventricular compliance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Am. J. Cardiol. 1976; 38: 645–53.
25. Hess O.M., Ritter M., Schneider J., Grimm J., Turina M., Krayenbuehl H.P. Diastolic stiffness and myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before and after valve replacement. Circulation. 1984; 69: 55–65.
26. Murakami T., Hess O.M., Gage J.E., Grimm J., Krayenbuehl H.P. Diastolic filling dynamics in patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1986; 73: 1162–74.
27. Stott D.K., Marpole D.G., Bristow J.D., Kloster F.E., Griswold H.E. The role of left atrial transport in aortic and mitral stenosis. Circulation. 1970; 41: 1031–41.
28. Bache R.J., Vrobel T.R., Ring W.S., Emery R.W., Andersen R.W. Regional myocardial blood flow during exercise in dogs with chronic left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 1981; 48: 76–87.
29. Marcus M.L., Doty D.B., Hiratzka L.F., Wright C.B., Eastham C.L. Decreased coronary reserve: a mechanism for angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis and normal coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 307: 1362–6.
30. Carabello B.A. Clinical practice: aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 346: 677–82.
31. Otto C.M., Burwash I.G., Legget M.E. et al. Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis: clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise predictors of outcome. Circulation. 1997; 95: 2262–70.
32. Cheitlin M.D., Gertz E.W., Brundage B.H., Carlson C.J., Quash J.A., Bode R.S. Jr. Rate of progression of severity of valvular aortic stenosis in the adult. Am. Heart J. 1979; 98: 689–700.
33. Wagner S., Selzer A. Patterns of progression of aortic stenosis: a longitudinal hemodynamic study. Circulation. 1982; 65: 709–12.
34. Jonasson R., Jonsson B., Nordlander R., Orinius E., Szamosi A. Rate of progression of severity of valvular aortic stenosis. Acta Med. Scand. 1983; 213: 51–4.
35. Nestico P.F., DePace N.L., Kimbiris D. et al. Progression of isolated aortic stenosis: analysis of 29 patients having more than 1 cardiac catheterization. Am. J. Cardiol. 1983; 52: 1054–8.
36. Otto C.M., Pearlman A.S., Gardner C.L. Hemodynamic progression of aortic stenosis in adults assessed by Doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1989; 13: 545–50.
37. Roger V.L., Tajik A.J., Bailey K.R., Oh J.K., Taylor C.L., Seward J.B. Progression of aortic stenosis in adults: new appraisal using Doppler echocardiography. Am. Heart J. 1990; 119: 331–8.
38. 38. Davies S.W., Gershlick A.H., Balcon R. Progression of valvar aortic stenosis: a long-term retrospective study. Eur. Heart J. 1991; 12: 10–4.
39. Faggiano P., Ghizzoni G., Sorgato A. et al. Rate of progression of valvular aortic stenosis in adults. Am. J. Cardiol. 1992; 70: 229–33.
40. Peter M., Hoffmann A., Parker C., Luscher T., Burckhardt D. Progression of aortic stenosis: role of age and concomitant coronary artery disease. Chest. 1993; 103: 1715–9.
41. Brener S.J., Duffy C.I., Thomas J.D., Stewart W.J. Progression of aortic stenosis in 394 patients: relation to changes in myocardial and mitral valve dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995; 25: 305–10.
42. Bergler-Klein J., Klaar U., Heger M., Rosenhek R., Mundigler G., Gabriel H. et al. Natriuretic peptides predict symptom-free survival and postoperative outcome in severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004; 109: 2302–8.
43. Vaturi M., Porter A., Adler Y. et al. The natural history of aortic valve disease after mitral valve surgery. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999; 33: 2003–8.
44. Rosenhek R., Klaar U., Schemper M. et al. Mild and moderate aortic stenosis. Natural history and risk stratification by echocardiography. Eur. Heart J. 2004; 25: 199–205.
45. Ross J. Jr., Braunwald E. Aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1968; 38: 61–7.
46. Schwarz F., Baumann P., Manthey J. et al. The effect of aortic valve replacement on survival. Circulation. 1982; 66: 1105–10.
47. Turina J., Hess O., Sepulcri F., Krayenbuehl H.P. Spontaneous course of aortic valve disease. Eur. Heart J. 1987; 8: 471–83.
48. Horstkotte D., Loogen F. The natural history of aortic valve stenosis. Eur. Heart J. 1988; 9 Suppl E: 57–64.
49. Kelly T.A., Rothbart R.M., Cooper C.M., Kaiser D.L., Smucker M.L., Gibson R.S. Comparison of outcome of asymptomatic to symptomatic patients older than 20 years of age with valvular aortic stenosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 1988; 61: 123–30.
50. Sprigings D.C., Forfar J.C. How should we manage symptomatic aortic stenosis in the patient who is 80 or older? Br. Heart J. 1995; 74: 481–4.
51. Iivanainen A.M., Lindroos M., Tilvis R., Heikkila J., Kupari M. Natural history of aortic valve stenosis of varying severity in the elderly. Am. J. Cardiol. 1996; 78: 97–101.
52. Frank S., Johnson A., Ross J. Jr. Natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. Br. Heart J. 1973; 35: 41–6.
53. Chizner M.A., Pearle D.L., deLeon A.C. Jr. The natural history of aortic stenosis in adults. Am. Heart J. 1980; 99: 419–24.
54. Pellikka P.A., Nishimura R.A., Bailey K.R., Tajik A.J. The natural history of adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1990; 15: 1012–7.
55. Kennedy K.D., Nishimura R.A., Holmes D.R. Jr., Bailey K.R. Natural history of moderate aortic stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1991; 17: 313–9.
56. Pellikka P.A., Sarano M.E., Nishimura R.A. et al. Outcome of 622 adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis during prolonged follow-up. Circulation. 2005; 111: 3290–5.
57. Munt B., Legget M.E., Kraft C.D., Miyake-Hull C.Y., Fujioka M., Otto C.M. Physical examination in valvular aortic stenosis: correlation with stenosis severity and prediction of clinical outcome. Am. Heart J. 1999; 137: 298–306.
58. Amato M.C., Moffa P.J., Werner K.E., Ramires J.A. Treatment decision in asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis: role of exercise testing. Heart. 2001; 86: 381–6.
59. Das P., Rimington H., Chambers J. Exercise testing to stratify risk in aortic stenosis. Eur. Heart J. 2005; 26: 1309–13.
60. Nylander E., Ekman I., Marklund T., Sinnerstad B., Karlsson E.,Wranne B. Severe aortic stenosis in elderly patients. Br. Heart J. 1986; 55: 480–7.
61. Atwood J.E., Kawanishi S., Myers J., Froelicher V.F. Exercise testing in patients with aortic stenosis. Chest. 1988; 93: 1083–7.
62. Clyne C.A., Arrighi J.A., Maron B.J., Dilsizian V., Bonow R.O., Cannon R.O. III. Systemic and left ventricular responses to exercise stress in asymptomatic patients with valvular aortic stenosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 1991; 68: 1469–76.
63. Otto C.M., Pearlman A.S., Kraft C.D., Miyake-Hull C.Y., Burwash I.G., Gardner C.J. Physiologic changes with maximal exercise in asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis assessed by Doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992; 20: 1160–7.
64. Alborino D., Hoffmann J.L., Fournet P.C., Bloch A. Value of exercise testing to evaluate the indication for surgery in asymptomatic patients with valvular aortic stenosis. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2002; 11: 204–9.
65. Monin J.L., Quere J.P., Monchi M. et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation. 2003; 108: 319–24.
66. Lababidi Z., Wu J.R., Walls J.T. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty: results in 23 patients. Am. J. Cardiol. 1984; 53: 194–7.
67. Cribier A., Savin T., Saoudi N., Rocha P., Berland J., Letac B. Percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty of acquired aortic stenosis in elderly patients: an alternative to valve replacement? Lancet. 1986; 1: 63–7.
68. Safian R.D., Berman A.D., Diver D.J. et al. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in 170 consecutive patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 319: 125–30.
69. Safian R.D., Mandell V.S., Thurer R.E. et al. Postmortem and intraoperative balloon valvuloplasty of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly patients: mechanisms of successful dilation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1987; 9: 655–60.
70. Isner J.M., Samuels D.A., Slovenkai G.A. et al. Mechanism of aortic balloon valvuloplasty: fracture of valvular calcific deposits. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988; 108: 377–80.
71. Letac B., Cribier A., Koning R., Bellefleur J.P. Results of percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty in 218 adults with valvular aortic stenosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 1988; 62: 598–605.
72. Sherman W., Hershman R., Lazzam C., Cohen M., Ambrose J., Gorlin R. Balloon valvuloplasty in adult aortic stenosis: determinants of clinical outcome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1989; 110: 421–5.
73. Brady S.T., Davis C.A., Kussmaul W.G., Laskey W.K., Hirshfeld J.W. Jr., Herrmann H.C. Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty in octogenarians: morbidity and mortality. Ann. Intern. Med. 1989; 110: 761–6.
74. Hayes S.N., Holmes D.R. Jr., Nishimura R.A., Reeder G.S. Palliative percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty before noncardiac operations and invasive diagnostic procedures. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1989; 64: 753–7.
75. Fields C.D., Rosenfield K., Lasordo D.W., Isner J.M. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty: current status. Curr. Opinion Cardiol. 1989; 4: 229–42.
76. Ferguson J.J. III, Riuli E.P., Massumi A. et al. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty: the Texas Heart Institute experience. Tex. Heart Inst. J. 1990; 17: 23–30.
77. Berland J., Cribier A., Savin T., Lefebvre E., Koning R., Letac B. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in patients with severe aortic stenosis and low ejection fraction: immediate results and 1-year follow-up. Circulation. 1989; 79: 1189–96.
78. Davidson C.J., Harrison J.K., Leithe M.E., Kisslo K.B., Bashore T.M. Failure of balloon aortic valvuloplasty to result in sustained clinical improvement in patients with depressed left ventricular function. Am. J. Cardiol. 1990; 65: 72–7.
79. Otto C.M., Mickel M.C., Kennedy J.W. et al. Three-year outcome after balloon aortic valvuloplasty: insights into prognosis of valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1994; 89: 642–50.
80. Lieberman E.B., Bashore T.M., Hermiller J.B. et al. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in adults: failure of procedure to improve long-term survival. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1522–8.
81. Rahimtoola S.H. Catheter balloon valvuloplasty for severe calcific aortic stenosis: a limited role. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1994; 23: 1076–8.
82. Leon M.B., Smith C.R., Mack M., Miller D.C., Moses J.W., Svensson L.G. et al. PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363: 1597–607.
83. Smith C.R., Leon M.B., Mack M.J., Miller D.C., Moses J.W., Svensson L.G. et al. PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364: 2187–98.
84. Dewey T.M., Brown D., Ryan W.H., Herbert M.A., Prince S.L., Mack M.J. Reliability of risk algorithms in predicting early and late operative outcomes in high-risk patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2008; 135: 180–7.
85. Vahanian A., Alfieri O., Al-Attar N., Antunes M., Bax J., Cormier B. et al. Transcatheter valve implantation for patients with aortic stenosis: a position statement from the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur. Heart J. 2008; 29: 1463–70.
86. Christ M., Sharkova Y., Geldner G., Maisch B. Preoperative and perioperative care for patients with suspected or established aortic stenosis facing noncardiac surgery. Chest. 2005; 128: 2944–53.
87. Stewart B.F., Siscovick D., Lind B.K. et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease: Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1997; 29: 630–4.
88. Otto C.M., Lind B.K., Kitzman D.W., Gersh B.J., Siscovick D.S. Association of aortic valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 341: 142–7.
89. Olsen M.H., Wachtell K., Bella J.N. et al. Aortic valve sclerosis relates to cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension (a LIFE substudy). Am. J. Cardiol. 2005; 95: 132–6.
90. Taylor H.A. Jr., Clark B.L., Garrison R.J. et al. Relation of aortic valve sclerosis to risk of coronary heart disease in African-Americans. Am. J. Cardiol. 2005; 95: 401–4.
91. Wilmshurst P.T., Stevenson R.N., Griffiths H., Lord J.R. A case control investigation of the relation between hyperlipidaemia and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Heart. 1997; 78: 475–9.
92. Palta S., Pai A.M., Gill K.S., Pai R.G. New insights into the progression of aortic stenosis: implications for secondary prevention. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2497–502.
93. Ngo M.V., Gottdiener J.S., Fletcher R.D., Fernicola D.J., Gersh B.J. Smoking and obesity are associated with the progression of aortic stenosis. Am. J. Geriatr. Cardiol. 2001; 10: 86–90.
94. Chandra H.R., Goldstein J.A., Choudhary N. et al. Adverse outcome in aortic sclerosis is associated with coronary artery disease and inflammation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004; 43: 169–75.
95. Rajamannan N.M., Otto C.M. Targeted therapy to prevent progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004; 110: 1180–2.
96. Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Kronzon I., Goldman M.E. Association of coronary risk factors and use of statins with progression of mild valvular aortic stenosis in older persons. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001; 88: 693–5.
97. Novaro G.M., Tiong I.Y., Pearce G.L., Lauer M.S., Sprecher D.L., Griffin B.P. Effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on the progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2205–9.
98. Shavelle D.M., Takasu J., Budoff M.J., Mao S., Zhao X.Q., O'Brien K.D. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and aortic valve calcium. Lancet. 2002; 359: 1125–6.
99. Pohle K., Maffert R., Ropers D. et al. Progression of aortic valve calcification: association with coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1927–32.
100. Bellamy M.F., Pellikka P.A., Klarich K.W., Tajik A.J., Enriquez-Sarano M. Association of cholesterol levels, hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme- A reductase inhibitor treatment, and progression of aortic stenosis in the community. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1723–30.
101. Rosenhek R., Rader F., Loho N. et al. Statins but not angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004; 110: 1291–5.
102. Cowell S.J., Newby D.E., Prescott R.J. et al. A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352: 2389–97.
103. Nashef S.A., Roques F., Michel P., Gauducheau E., Lemeshow S., Salamon R. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1999; 16: 9–13.
104. Nashef S.A., Roques F., Hammill B.G. et al. Validation of European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) in North American cardiac surgery. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2002; 22: 101–5.
105. Shroyer A.L., Coombs L.P., Peterson E.D. et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons: 30-day operative mortality and morbidity risk models. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003; 75: 1856–64.
106. Ambler G., Omar R.Z., Royston P., Kinsman R., Keogh B.E., Taylor K.M. Generic, simple risk stratification model for heart valve surgery. Circulation. 2005; 112: 224–31.